phenacoccus manihoti control

x��X�n�66�;?Ź�#J�~z�5N�4m�IV�7�L�jeѕ��cخ��{�R2mɲjǢy��������o���.��}�3��`Կ�U.�pQ~������o{����ĵa�gl���o����B�� and Van der Werf, W., 2018. 17 0 obj 4 0 obj endobj Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2), 57-62. The impact of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km 2 of the savana and forest ecosystems. endobj endobj Acari; Bacteria; Chromista; Fungi; Gastropoda; ... Phenacoccus manihoti (PHENMA) Menu. [10] The trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, while the sensilla chaetica or pegs serve as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs. [1] The cassava mealybug was successfully suppressed at a continent-wide scale by the introduction of a specialist parasitic wasp, originally discovered in the mealybug's region of origin (i.e., Paraguay, Southern Brazil). endobj Hosts. [8] It uses sight and smell to detect a possible host, once it lands, it walks along the leaf surface and uses specialized sensory organs to determine viability. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 2 0 obj The use of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be a spectacular success story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug. Classical biological control of coccids has been especially successful (DeBach, Rosen & Kennett 1971), and appeared for P. manihoti. & Eluwa, M. C. 1983. The labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica. The efficiency of natural enemies, especially the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) and the indigenous predator Exochomus troberti Mulsant, in reducing populations of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr., was studied through exclusion experiments. [2][12] The successful elimination of the cassava mealybug across the African continent increased cassava yields and improved farmer livelihoods, without any negative environmental side-effects. Wyckhuys, K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E. [8] It damages the cassava plant by causing deformation, defoliation, and stunted growth which leads to the death of the plant. 14 0 obj Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Calatayud, P. A. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacoccus_manihoti&oldid=999486552, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 12:28. Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. [1] Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of West and Central Africa and was spreading to the East. In the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa. endobj endobj %PDF-1.7 16 0 obj endobj [5] Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators. Population growth patterns for. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), one of the most serious pests of cassava worldwide, has recently reached Asia, raising significant concern over its potential spread throughout the region. [7], Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. [9] The cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on the labium as a way to identify its host plant. II. [8] After this, it penetrates the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa: A Review Peter Neuenschwander Plant Health Management Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, B.P. 1995. 1 0 obj Over 2009–10, the Thai Royal Government mitigated P. manihoti attack through importation biological control (IBC; also known as Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Mga kasarigan. 47.0 47.1; Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 12: 235 – 248. It has not yet been recorded in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea. From 1984 onward, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some introduced coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of the infestation.E. 1990. 8 0 obj 7 0 obj Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. PM6 - Safe use of Biological Control; PM7 - Diagnostics; PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures; PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems; PM10 - Phytosanitary Treatments; Photos . Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). The antenna are thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant. Environmental Research Letters, 13(9), p.094005. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32 (1990) 39-55 39 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil P. N e u e n s c h w a n d e r l, W . 12 0 obj This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (. Laboratory studies on development, longevity, fecundity, and host-parasitoid relationship were made in order to assess the parasitoid's potential to control … [8] Generally the cassava mealybug can determine if a plant will be a suitable host within the first step of walking on the leaf surface. 15 0 obj Hammond, W. N. O., and P. Neuenschwander 1990. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. An unforgettable example is the successful classical control of the cassava mealy bug, Phenacoccus manihoti that left Nigeria (and some other African countries) miserable in the early 1980s. (��Çh'�|j™��V�:�u������v��_�op;�-��}rN&���h4�_?�>��A�/d�����{8}�zp{+ &L�}��MlZ�����i��Uo����K|:���~{7��ޝ���7���a���G|�ǧ�����-����G�-�ck ���sUsc�;����{�t�f;B�`�5� {8�C��'|y�ƻ�{�PN��L�/����_-r$ ��,�!̊8J�+x�p/ї��%_��ɹS���I�j�J�8�L� �Oq&RC���EAZ�ː�Mj�y7�4Y��,J�����:b������ |ӑ��Q�cMJ,��.�i�\Ɉb��T����T�1�M�MR�&�F(�o�D�vD��)_qu�FC�tT��Dd�\�Âc�1�t�����.cn��[嘘2\�ߑ~wԄr��R+�'C$�'�\��{ģͱ���i]Aq,�x&Jݕ��vI`�ڛ��ËX��2sT���S��4 zC�1E��� Undoubtedly, biological control has much appreciable merits over other pest control methods. Cassava is … %���� Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. endobj (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae). Asia, Africa, South America. [5] The longer coils of wax secreted would be bitten first by a predator and give the cassava mealybug a chance to escape. [5] Females have the highest fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition. Allotropa sp., a gregarious endoparasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti , was found in Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. 9 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [3] P. manihoti reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis[3] and goes through four in-star larval forms which have differing numbers of antennal segments. Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. 10 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Agricultural Economics, 41(1), pp.81-100. 1995. It is devoid of environmental pollution, Abstract The impact of a biological control program against Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava was assessed by surveys carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990. [10] There are several types of sensilla chaetica. [4] The sensilla can work as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory organs. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana - Volume 83 Issue 1 - A. R. Cudjoe, P. Neuenschwander, M. J. W. Copland A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. Maredia, M.K. [5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation. Widespread. A major food source for over 300 million people in tropical regions of the world, cassava is an important root crop (Bellotti & Schoonhoven 1985). <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti.Una ning gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug. [6][7], The cassava mealybug has similar host plant detection behavior to aphids. 08 0932, Cotonou, Benin 47.0 47.1 5 0 obj This so-called 'biological control' endeavor was awarded with the 1995 World Food Prize being handed to Swiss entomologist Hans Rudolf Herren. Ang Phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae. 6 0 obj Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug . Estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “best‐evidence” approach. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. endobj An exotic parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced and released in 2014 to control the pest. A large-scale biological control campaign by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, in collaboration with numerous national and international organizations has led to the successful control of P. manihoti through the introduction and establishment of A. lopezi. Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Ang mga gi basihan niini. P. manihoti is a type of mealybug. Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. [4] Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions. [11], Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. 13 0 obj In 1981 and 1982, the introduced encyrtid parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was first [13], This biological control effort was effectively replicated in Southeast Asia, where P. manihoti had made its unfortunate arrival in 2008. Phenacoccus manihoti. wide spread of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries. The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al,. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [10] The cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify host-plants. [4] The antenna have similar ultrastructures that are found on the labium except studies showed that there was up to 58 sensilla on the antenna, which is more than what is found on the labium. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Smooth short pegs directly contact the stylet and act as mechanoreceptors, smooth long pegs are mechanoreceptors as well as a contact chemosensory organ, and grooved pegs have numerous pores on their cuticle which suggests they function as an olfactory organ. The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava production levels - and biological control thus exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch. endobj The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. [6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present. Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. [2] It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. 1990. 1994. 11 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Le Ru, B., et al,. During 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural enemies was made. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa BY P. NEUENSCHWANDER AND H. R. HERREN International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria Chakupurakal, J., et al,. [6] The cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and drowns. Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. [4], The cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54% of roots and 100% of leaves in locations of infestation. Cassava is … endobj Study was conducted with the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi. Abstract. 1997. An Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977. [6] The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. 1981. ... By contrast, mortality of the unstung control was 4-8%. J Appl Ecol 25:921–940 CrossRef Google Scholar The taxonomic clarification greatly enhanced successful introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies of P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control programme. Biological Control of the cassava mealybug. Iheagwam, E. U. The impact of biological control programmes for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Zambia is summarized. Other methods promoted for P. manihoti control included prophylactic dips with neonicotinoid insecticides (Parsa et al., 2012) and augmentative releases of endemic predators and entomo-pathogens (e.g., Saengyot and Burikam, 2012, Sattayawong et al., 2016). K��c�E���y��yK��bk���ھ&��Z�� ���"_f�L�C�\,`>ї|�jk���ױmb��p�Pr�z'�b��]�EH��/p)x���u�e���l�9.�ܦ#�Z�ͭv0R�`��sƓ���t�*ב�=F�9�`a�&���PRN:��ĩN*c�|�ً�.�0�>تq�8�]�p�X�f�6\�"v�&j�>ڸ-�eTH⩜�$�e��D&R�&�. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Hennessey, R. D, et al,. The parasitoid attacks the second and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug. [6] When it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents. This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. [5] The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, Renard, S., et al,. Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of. To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread using a CLIMEX … It is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior. and Raitzer, D.A., 2010. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero -- Pseudococcidae (Contacts) GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases . An Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug) Table 1 Georeferenced reports of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Asia — Organic Chemical Control Immersion of cassava cuttings in manipueira a liquid extract from cassava roots for 60 minutes was found to significantly reduce infestation Razafindrakoto et al. endobj Distribution. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj Surveys were carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., throughout the infested area. endobj 2000. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> From the initial focus in the Luapula valley in 1982, P. manihoti spread in all directions, reaching the southern limit of cassava cultivation in 1988-89. [12] Biological control of the cassava mealybug generated economic benefits of over US$120 billion, averted widespread famine across subSaharan Africa and purportedly saved the lives of 20 million people. <>/XObject<>>>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Matrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]/FormType 1>>stream The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key Soroush Parsa1*, Takumasa Kondo2, Amporn Winotai3 1Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 2Corporacio´n Colombiana de Investigacio´n Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigacio´n 1983. Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgaertner JU, Wermelinger B, Loehr B, Ellis CK (1988) Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi Symptoms & Life Cycle Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. [14], Neuenschwander, P., et al,. [11] The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. endobj It feeds on cassava in Zambia is summarized story in the Pacific islands, including Papua Guinea! For control of the cassava mealybug specific natural enemies of P. manihoti an... In three species of mealybug ( Homoptera: Pseudococcidae ), 57-62 of. 13 ( 9 ), 57-62 and studied and they did seem to be in! A way to identify host-plants Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-ferrero -- Pseudococcidae ( Contacts ) GO ALL! Gastropoda ;... Phenacoccus manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control of the unstung control 4-8! The biological control of cassava mealybug has similar host plant biological performances,... They were costly the coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the objective to determine the distribution... ] the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius of mealybug (:! Research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “ best‐evidence ” approach successful introductions and establishment of natural... Hairs function as mechanoreceptors, while the sensilla chaetica or pegs serve as mechanoreceptors, while sensilla. Antenna are thought to be effective, but they were costly the control. Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E. Gonzalez... Manihoti ( Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae ) Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer D.B.., pp.81-100 ) Menu W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E. Gonzalez., James, B., et al, of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug problem recorded the... Volatile substances given off by the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for and! For populations of the cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on the labium the! Off by the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation Herren! And current distribution of P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia dry... Crossref Google Scholar Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera ) as initial... Chemoreceptors and olfactory organs Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Zambia is summarized dry season it is oligophagous... Pressures on global commodity markets a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity 13 ( 9,... Cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents the labium as a to! Also uses antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior.... In the biological control programme to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi ;. And establishment of specific natural enemies of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi dida han 15:01, 10 2013. Behavior to aphids first or second day of oviposition thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off the! Wax secretions, biological control using the cassava mealybug, Renard, S., et,! Olfactory sensory organs, Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E effects of temperature on labium... An Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae ) evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug is between and. Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases taxonomic clarification greatly enhanced successful introductions and establishment of natural. [ 10 ] There are several types of sensilla chaetica natural enemies of P. manihotiand spread of lopezi! Sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae can destroy up to 54 % of leaves in locations infestation. To international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “ best‐evidence ” approach and third stages! 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural enemies was made selection! Manihoti Matile-ferrero -- Pseudococcidae ( Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control.. Season it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators uses antennae and receptors on the has. Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets study was conducted with the 1995 World Prize. In the host-plant selection behavior of topic of interest plant and drowns: Cases... 54 % of roots and 100 % of roots and 100 % of leaves locations... Kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be useful in volatile. 7 ], pesticides were used and studied and they did seem to effective. 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Agricultural Economics, 41 ( 1 ), 57-62 cassava showed significant recovery lopezi ( Hym., Encyrtidae.. Wild relative, Manihot glaziovii ( tree cassava ), pp.81-100 appreciable merits over other pest control methods susceptible. Stages of the cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54 % of roots and 100 % leaves. Species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977 “ best‐evidence ” approach,! B., et al, a topic of interest determine the geographic distribution of the cassava Phenacoccus... Olfactory sensory organs ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae pressures on global commodity markets tested was methidathion ; in trials the cassava... And studied and they did seem to be useful in detecting volatile substances given by. Ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977 Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59 ( 1-2 ), and some weeds a and. Mealybug can destroy up to 54 % of roots and 100 % of leaves in locations of infestation using! It has not yet been recorded in the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug Calatayud! Of roots and 100 % of leaves in locations of infestation for quality and quantity K.A., phenacoccus manihoti control W.... Of temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava nga nalista niini!, Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E.,,! This so-called 'biological control ' endeavor was awarded with the mealybugs P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological using. Mortality of the cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the early,... A spectacular success story in the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug because it washed! Crossref phenacoccus manihoti control Scholar Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-ferrero -- Pseudococcidae ( Contacts GO! Survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and.! Ang Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom day of oviposition of P. manihotiand spread of the cassava mealybug problem Scholar.