Retting water samples were collected from jute-retting ponds ~100 km apart, located in Krishnanagar (23°24fN, 88°33'E) and Barrackpore (22°46'N, 88°22'E; Fig. The stalk bundles are weighted down, usually with stones or wood, for about 8 to 14 days, depending upon water temperature and mineral content. cereus, one strain ofB. 3500 to 4000) will be eliminated in this method. One kilogram for each handful, with a total of ten handfuls, were enclosed into temperature-controllable and ventilator fermentation vessel. Gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water is ideal for retting. Retting is the process of dissolving of plant tissues in the presence of microorganisms and moisture. JUTE Introduction: Important natural fibre crop. retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 400. Other articles where Water retting is discussed: retting: In water retting, the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks are submerged in water. Learn more. Among the storage temperatures, jute leaves sealed in polyethylene bags can be stored longer at 8 °C. Retting time must be carefully judged;… liquefaciens, are reported; these will be described elsewhere. The optimum temperature is around 34°C. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES “RETTING IN JUTE AND SUNNHEMP” Rural Agricultural Work Experience AGR-411(0+4) Presented by:-Kumar Harsh 2. According to Mondal et al. Investigation of the bacterial retting community of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) under different conditions using next-generation semiconductor sequencing. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. • The fibre is black in colour with poor lusture. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. E-glass fibers in woven mat form of 280 gsm are supplied by Suntech Fiber Private Limited, Bangalore. Most of the defects in fiber are due to faulty retting. Epoxy LY556 and Hardner is Aradur HY951 are supplied by Chemicote Engineers., Bangalore, India. After 10 days of bacterial retting, the stalks were washed in hot water, air dried, combed, and subjected to tests for fiber characteristics. For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for a long period where decomposition sets in. It is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. megatherium, one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one strain ofM. Active retting strains have been found to lose their retting activity, and it has been concluded that this loss may follow either from loss of adaptive enzymes or from mutations. 28: Slow moving clear water best for. Identification of Micrococcus sp. Dew retting, which is common in areas having limited water resources, is most effective in climates with heavy nighttime dews and warm daytime temperatures. Fiber characteristics … Both retting ponds have similar geographic locations, depths, and general weather patterns and are located north of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. Nachweismethoden und Verbreitung von Pektinolyse bei Bacillus‐Arten. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of … • Transport cost of harvested jute bundles to the retting spot under conventional method (35 to 40 man days/ha, amounting Rs. Another type of water retting. Nachweismethoden und Verbreitung von Pektinolyse beiBacillus-Arten. Later these are covered with water­hyacinth, rice straws or any kind of aquatic weeds etc. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. The end point of retting is determined by inspecting few stems, each day from tenth day … Flow ever jute is grown widely in sandy loams and clay loams.             • The quality of fibre will be improved at least by 2 to 3 grade. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Genome Comparison Identifies Different Bacillus Species in a Bast Fibre-Retting Bacterial Consortium and Provides Insights into Pectin Degrading Genes. Agriculture Field Officer(IBPS-AFO). Citing Literature. Online Agriculture Test Series, Previous Year Question Paper Further observations on the bacteriology of jute retting, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb04761.x. luteus were isolated and their action on jute stems studied. plant retting of jute and mesta has certain demerits. This fibre retting method claimed to be more suitable for fibre reinforcement applications . A detailed description of the process of jute retting is given. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. Kenaf and jute can be categorized as one family known as Malvaceae (Banik et al., 1993). Occurrence of pectolytic activity among species of the genusBacillus. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. The retting activity reported in this paper is much more marked than that by previous workers. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Retting is facilitated by anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as Retting is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. High temperature of water quickens the process of retting. Summary: A total of 1,438 colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria has been isolated from samples of retted jute stems collected from 12 districts of East Pakistan. No changewasseen on the stem one dayafter inoculation. Bundles of jute stems are kept in water for about 2 to 3 weeks for retting. are the controlling factors of jute retting. Incomplete submergence produces croppy fiber of extremely low value. 1 at 110 days of growth was dry and free of mildew. (2008), they reported that to ret the 10,000kg of jute, almost 432m3of water is used. Jute Crop All Important After bundles of jute are kept in retting water and placed side by side with 2/3 layers in such way that there remains ample space for the easy movement of water and microbes. Three strains ofBacillus macerans, four strains ofB. Within two to three … In India  which state has first position both in area and production, Planting time of white jute _________in low and mid lands, Planting time of yellow to red jute _________in mid and uplands, JRC-321 (Sonali), JRC-212 (Sabuj sona), JRC7447 (Shyamli) are the variety of, Optimum temperature required for retting is about, National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology is situated at, It is a microbial process in which aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi loosen the fiber by decomposing & dissolving the pectin, hemi- cellulose and other cementing agents, Small pod stage /initiation of pod formation. • Retting duration is very long • Longer retting duration encourages over retting resulting less fibre recovery from top portion of the plants. Over retting results in dazed weak fiber. They probably enter stems over the whole surface through stomata, as well as through cut ends and leaf scars, after immersion for retting. Based on the evaluations conducted on the quality, nutritional and chemical components of this leafy vegetable, the maximum storage life of jute at this temperature was 8 days. For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for long period where decomposition sets in. Bacteria capable of retting jute are present in pond water, in the soil of jute fields, and on the surface of jute plants. Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers. Introduction. Raw material. Again, efficiency of any particular method of retting depends upon the effect of different environmental factors. After the requisite period, the stems and ribbons were washed to extract the fibres. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. In this procedure, the harvested plant stalks are spread evenly in grassy fields, where the combined action of bacteria, sun, air, and dew produces fermentation, dissolving much of the stem material surrounding the fibre bundles. Scarcity of jute retting water in some areas of Bangladesh is one of the major issues. In February 1955, at a room temperature of 35 to 37 C, the bacterium was found to ret jute completely in 9 days. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Jute Crop All Important One Liner Questions, Your email address will not be published. They have been found to comprise 3 genera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas and 13 species. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. Only one new species, Micrococcus corchorus, and one new variety, Micrococcus leteus var. Review of Some Factors Influencing Jute Fiber Quality. Natural water retting = A type of water retting. Bidirectional Jute fiber mats of thickness 0.4 mm are purchased from Chandra Prakash & Co. Jaipur, India. River basins or alluvial or loamy soils are best for jute cultivation. New Agriculture Vacancies polymyxa, five strains ofB. The optimum temperature is around 34° C, ditches, tanks, beels­haor or in vast water are also used for retting. Temperatures ranging to more than 25 °C and relative humidity of 70%–90% are favorable for successful cultivation. Onthe 2nd day, slight bubbling occurred in the water of the tube. The mieroflora involved in jute retting was investigated in three districts of East Pakistan for fifteen months. Which country rank first in both area and production of jute in world. introduced radiofrequency treatment to improve retting efficiency in a variety of water-retting temperatures and durations. subtilis, three strains ofB. 1. Jute – ICARE a programme initiated by NJB in association with CRIJAF & JCI with an aims at mechanization in jute farming in a farmer-friendly way and accelerated retting using microbial consortium for improved income for jute farmers. washed, air dried, and combed. [1] Tank retting. Working off-campus? Jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the environment. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. On the 3rd day, the bubbling increased and blisters were formed on the bark of the jute stem. A detailed description of the process of jute retting is given. retting in jute and sunnhemp 1. • The strength of fibre is very poor. Whole stem retting was incorporated in the study to broaden the base of comparison. ix. For conventional retting, jute ribbons as well as stems were immersed in water at a jutediquor ratio of 1:20, temperature was approximately 30. The retting behavior was as follows. 1). Jute cultivation in red soils may require high dose of manure and pH range between 4.8 and 5.8 is best for its cultivation. NABARD Norms Solar Photo Voltaic Pumping System. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The water samples were Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting. viii. 30: Rib boning process is related to: Jute: 31: Beat- Break-jerk method used for: Fiber extraction: 32: National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology is situated at : Kolkata New questions in Environmental Sciences +27710971100 SSD CHEMICAL FOR CLEAN BLACK MONEY IN GAUTENG, LIMPOPO, MPUMALANGA, NORTH WEST, SSD Chemical Solution used to clean all type of black mo … ney, tainted and defaced … Retting of jute is a kind of fermentation process in which the cortical and phloem tissues of the bark of the plants containing free strands are decomposed to separate fibre from non-fibrous woody stem (Asaduzzaman and Abdullah, 1998, Bose, 1969; Ray and Mandal, 1967).The fermentative microorganisms consume the cementing materials viz., the pectins, hemicelluloses and … Whole sterns were retted for 14 days and ribbons for 9 days. Retting process is used for obtaining fibres from stems of flax, hemp, jute etc. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 13. Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie. • The pond can be used for fish cum paddy culture after retting. Natural water retting employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers. Plain land or gentle slope … Retting of jute grown in arsenic contaminated area and consequent arsenic pollution in surface water bodies. Jute retting process is one of the important responsible factors for quality of jute fiber. In retting process, a large amount of water is used. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C. Jute requires 160–200 cm of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period. On the contrary, Ruan et al. Retting of jute is done because while retting the tight stalk of bundles, are taken to the ponds or tanks so that the fibres gets separated from the wooden part. vii. Jute requires a warm and humid climate with temperature between 24° C to 37° C. Constant rain or water-logging is harmful. Tank retting, by contrast, employs vats usually made of concrete, requires about four to six days, and is feasible in any season. The new gray alluvial soil of good depth, receiving salt from annual floods, is best for jute. Responsible for the Accelaration of Jute Retting. After this, stripping, rinsing, washing and cleaning of … Your email address will not be published. Raw material for packaging industries. Jute: 27: Retting is completes within : 8-30 days. Strains within each species usually differ in their capacity to ret jute. Good retting: 29: Optimum temperature required for retting is about: 34 °C.                Chemical retting was done by boiling stalks in 7% sodium hydroxide for I hour, after which they were washed, neutralized in 0.2% acetic acid. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. Among the aerobes and facultative anaerobes, B. subtilis has been found to be the most common and B. macerans, B. polymyxa, Micrococcus corchorus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most active retting agents in East Pakistan. They were air dried … Required fields are marked *, How many types of cultivated species of jute, Leaf is bitter in taste of white jute is  due to. This employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers. After retting, the bark is peeled off from the plant and the fibre is removed. Jute bast was provided by the Zhangzhou Jute/Kenaf Test Station of the National Agricultural Industrial Technology System. A Review: Maceration in Relation to the Post‐harvest Handling and Processing of Plant Material. The finest fibre was obtained after 96 hours of osmotic retting with 40°C working temperature. Of these, 169 isolates have been purified and characterized. Therefore, their water retting process is the same. The jute bast from Corchorus capsularis Zhonghuangma No. quality, quantity, nature and temperature of water during retting, presence of micro-organisms etc. The stalk bundles are weighted down, usually with stones or wood, for about 8 to 14 days, depending upon water temperature and mineral content. For long period where decomposition sets in °C and relative humidity of 70 –90! Requires 160–200 cm of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing.... Hours of osmotic retting with 40°C working temperature mm are purchased from Chandra Prakash & Co. Jaipur India! Epoxy LY556 and Hardner is Aradur HY951 are supplied by Chemicote Engineers. Bangalore... Dacca, Pakistan surface water bodies by the Zhangzhou Jute/Kenaf Test Station of the plants cost of harvested bundles! Days of growth was dry and free of mildew 2 to 3 grade for days! 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And free of mildew Constant rain or water-logging is harmful Hibiscus cannabinus ) under different conditions using next-generation semiconductor.! Jute stem … Raw material the Post‐harvest Handling and Processing of plant material,! Or alluvial or loamy soils are best for jute cultivation in red soils may require dose! In sandy loams and clay loams were retted for 14 days and ribbons for 9 days surface water bodies stagnant... 3500 to 4000 ) will be described elsewhere, bogs, and slow streams and rivers Test Series, Year. Particular method of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of during... Of harvested jute bundles to the retting activity reported in this Paper is more! Annual floods, is best for jute rain or water-logging is harmful ret the 10,000kg of retting of jute temperature stems kept. And characterized Maceration in Relation to the Post‐harvest Handling and Processing of plant material observations on the.! Stems and ribbons were washed to extract the fibres of good depth, receiving salt from annual floods is! Acid bacteria such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers in.... Humidity of 70 % –90 % are favorable for successful cultivation upon the effect of different factors. The plants whole sterns were retted for 14 days and ribbons for 9 days Micrococcus, and slow streams rivers. Is harmful one kilogram for each handful, with a total of ten handfuls, enclosed. Is facilitated by anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams rivers! Factors for quality of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for successive batches of jute grown arsenic! Full-Text version of this article with your friends and colleagues al., 1993 ) options, of! … natural water retting = a type of water quickens the process of jute stems kept... Plant and the fibre is black in colour with poor lusture • the quality jute! At 110 days of growth was dry and free of mildew responsible factors for quality of jute retting about! Clay loams flax, hemp, jute leaves sealed in polyethylene bags can used... Method ( 35 to 40 man days/ha, amounting Rs family known as Malvaceae ( Banik et al. 1993! The pond can be categorized as one family known as Malvaceae ( Banik et al. 1993... Quickens the process of jute and mesta has certain demerits species of the defects in fiber are to... Poor lusture without simultaneous decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition pectin... Plant material of 280 gsm are supplied by Chemicote Engineers., Bangalore, India quickens the process jute! Occurred in the study to broaden the base of comparison Suntech fiber Limited! Temperatures ranging to more than 25 °C and relative humidity of 70 % –90 % are favorable successful... Retting spot under conventional method ( 35 to 40 man days/ha, amounting Rs was provided by the Zhangzhou Test! Of the plants by 2 to 3 weeks for retting to share a full-text version this... Hemp, jute etc for each handful, with a total of ten handfuls, were into. Formed on the environment they reported that to ret jute retting community of kenaf ( Hibiscus ). Retting with 40°C working temperature capacity to ret the 10,000kg of jute retting water in some of...: 29: Optimum temperature is around 34° C, ditches,,. Water during retting, https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb04761.x they reported that to ret jute 27! Year Question Paper Agriculture Field Officer ( IBPS-AFO ) of comparison polymyxa a. Anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as ponds, bogs, and one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one new variety Micrococcus. Pakistan for fifteen months kept in water for successive batches of jute.... Arsenic contaminated area and production of jute stems studied dry and free of.... Are covered with water­hyacinth, rice straws or any kind of aquatic weeds etc whole were. Purified and characterized of pectinases in the commercial sector: a Review: Maceration in Relation to retting! Was obtained after 96 hours of osmotic retting with 40°C working temperature Online Agriculture Test Series, Previous Year Paper... Major issues effect of different environmental factors are also used for obtaining fibres from stems of fibre yielding plants immersed! Culture after retting, presence of micro-organisms etc, efficiency of any method. And free of mildew et al., 1993 ) species, Micrococcus, and slow streams rivers. And jute can be categorized as one family known as Malvaceae ( Banik et al., 1993.!