442-454, and No. 335-342, (1956). Fitz-Gerald, Technical World Magazine, Vol. Many nations have imposed strict sanctions on the country since then, and any reversal of the Jade Act seems highly unlikely. The Burma Ruby-Mines, Author unknown, Chambers’s Journal, Vol. Der Rubinbergbau Birmas [Burmese ruby mining], G. Eisfelder, Berg- und Huettenmaennische Zeitung, Vol. Myanmar has diverse and largely untapped geological resources which will make mining a significant driver of the country’s economic development in the years to come. 261-275, (1888). Most famous is the Mogok Stone Tract, which has remained the world's … Often referred to as the ‘Mogok Stone Tract’ (La Touche 1913; Fermor 1931; Chhibber 1934; Iyer 1953), this gem-rich area is located within the central part of the Mogok Metamorphic Belt. Brown and J.W. 517–524. Today, these mines are virtually depleted, sending the price of prized Burmese rubies sky high. In 1886, Mogok came under control of the British “Burma Ruby Mines Ltd”. A popular article that describes the geological setting of the mountainous Mogok district, which lies within a belt of high-grade metamorphic rocks including marbles that host many of the ruby deposits. During the colonial period, Britain leased out the mines to an ill-fated London syndicate (the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd.); since independence in 1948, the Burmese government has kept a tight rein on the mines. These articles by the famous Swiss gemologist describe the mining and buying and selling of rubies at Mogok. Jadeite is found in Kachin State, located in the northern part of Myanmar, bordering China. 22, pp. R.C. The competitiveness of the Myanmar mining sector lags behind other countries due to lack of capital, poor quality equipment, low skills, and weak institutional support. This photo taken on May 16, 2019 shows miners arriving with equipment on motorcycles at a ruby mining site in Mogok, north of Mandalay. A three-part account of gem mining in Burma was prepared by a well-known mineral and gem dealer. This photo taken on May 16, 2019 shows miners arriving with equipment on motorcycles at a ruby mining site in Mogok, north of Mandalay. Kane and R.C. 20, pp. A ruby mine in Mogok—one of the estimated 1,000 mines operating in the area. The owner of the SP Bakery, a well-known chain of snack stores, has been captured by unidentified armed men in the ruby mining town of Mogok, where hundreds have taken shelter following recent fighting in nearby villages. 1, pp. 1, No. 7, p. 187, (1900). A number of the articles were published in the 1800s and early 1900s – when many classical gem deposits of historical importance were discovered – and gemology and mineralogy became sciences. 22, No. 425-430, (1906). 3, No. 329-340, (1933). Fact Myanmar's Ruby Gems Mining. However, the mining industry fuels the country's controversial military, raising concerns about the ethical value of its gemstones The Graff Ruby is from the Mogok mine in Myanmar. Stokes, "Mines and Minerals of the British Empire," pp. 173, No. 216-220, (1887). The article presents a detailed description of the gem mining area around Mogok. In the 1960s General Ne Win revoked all foreign licenses and for a modest fee locals were free to mine. 42-58, (1922). Ueber das Vorkommen der Rubine in Birma [On the Occurrence of Ruby in Burma], M. Bauer, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, No. 7, pp. A discussion is presented of Burma as a source of gem materials. 11, pp. From 1962 onwards, the country embarked on the "Burmese Road to Socialism," which brought further restrictions on gem mining and trading. 82, pp. 197-238, (1896). Rock Talk – A Mogok Geology Primer, W. Atichat and R.W. Most of the alluvial … Burmese rubies are associated with. 5345 Armada Drive “The ruby mines are getting deeper and deeper, so now we must use 20 men for the work that formerly 10 men could do,” said Dr U Kyaw Khine, the director of the Kyaw Win Tun Gem Company. There isn’t a great deal of fine quality rubies coming out of Burma right now. It … On the Ruby Mines near Mogok, Burma, R. Gordon, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 1-142, (1915). Ruby Mines of Burma, J.L. “Gems and Mines of Mogok,” T. Themelis, 352 pp., (2008). The following article is reprinted by kind permission of Gems & Gemology, in which the original appeared, Spring 1957 (Volume IX, Number 1). 23, No. 90% of the world’s rubies come from Myanmar and … The very best color in Myanmar rubies is sometimes described as “pigeon’s blood.” In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world’s main ruby mining area. How the World's Great Gem Mines were Discovered, J.L. d’Amato, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. Many top-quality rubies have been mined in Myanmar (formerly Burma), which is where the term "Burmese ruby" comes from. Several photos of the ruby mines are shown in this publication. 3-6 and No. In 1996, after the success of the Mong Hsu Ruby mine, Ruby Dragon expanded into jade mining … Official exports of rubies from the country are valued at over $87.4 million while the undocumented exports are possibly more. 1-8, (1902). 358-366, (1905). 46-50, (2013). 13, No. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. Mogok originally was called Thahapainpin, “Pomegranate,” for the fruit growing abundantly in these hills. Iyer, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. An Account of a Map of Koshanpri, F. Hamilton, Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Vol. These include Sagyin, Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik, Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu. 3-31, (1957). It is situated between high jungle-covered hills. 3, No. Burma Rubies, R.S.G. 341-348, (2008).   The Mogok area, along with other parts of the country, came under control of the British in late 1886, when investigations of the geological setting of the ruby occurrence began and gem mining became more organized. https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/luxury/is-the-burmese- By closing this banner or using this site you agree to our revised Privacy Notice, Terms of Service and Cookie Policy. «Under the Union’s gemstone law, a medium-scale mine is defined as covering two hectares (five acres), while small is defined as 1.2 hectares. 6, pp. Gem Mining in Burma, M. Ehrmann, Gems & Gemology, Vol. The Rubies of Burma and Associated Minerals: Their Mode of Occurrence, Origin and Metamorphoses – A Contribution to the History of Corundum, C.B. 1, pp. Natural, untreated Mogok rubies of fine colour can be valued at $80,000 per carat, according to the Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. 66, pp. A book that presents summaries of the mining operations for various minerals and ores, and includes a chapter on the ruby mines of Burma that describes the history of the area and the mining methods used to locate rubies. The list is not comprehensive, but a compilation of the some interesting gemological information that has often been forgotten or overlooked. 602, pp. 62-63, (1909). Myanmar reportedly produces more than 80% of the world’s rubies, but thanks to decades of isolation under the former junta and restrictions on access for foreigners to mining areas like Mogok, the trade remains opaque and mired in controversy. The Ruby Mines of Mogok, T. Walthan, Geology Today, Vol. 306-318, No. 66, pp. Many ruby crystals have dark bluish interiors which turn red when heat treatments are applied. There are also lapis lazuli and peridot mines in this area. 724, pp. 1003-1025, (2000). Conquest and Concession: The Case of the Burma Ruby Mines, R.V. Myanmar’s Tatmadaw has been launching air strikes in the gold and mining region inside Kachin state’s Tanai township in recent months. “The ruby mines are getting deeper and deeper, so now we must use 20 men for the work that formerly 10 men could do,” said Dr U Kyaw Khine, the director of the Kyaw Win Tun Gem Company. The authors review the complicated geological setting of the Mogok gem deposits. 167, pp. Bird, "Wanderings in Burma," pp. 1, pp. 5-8, (1992). 56, Pt. Myanmar and Its Gems – An Update. This book contains a summary of the geological setting of the Mogok Stone Tract and a description of the ruby mining operations. A brief report that presents a summary of the mineral resources of the country. 812-824, (1901). Mogok residents to receive ruby mining licences. 8, pp. 7-9, (1991) and No. 11, No. 152-174, (1992). Most gemological authorities expect a medium to medium dark-red color tone in a ruby. 151-228, (1896). 75-76, (1833). Adams, Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, No. 16, No. The Home of the Pigeon-Blood Ruby, L. Claremont, Knowledge – A Monthly Record of Science, Vol. The author discusses several different mines were discovered, including the ruby mines near Mogok. 113-136, (1926). Photographs from the Field – The Ruby Mines of Mogok, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. Turrell, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. Jobbins, R.E. 9, No. 708-712, (1929). 26, No. 70, No. 445-448, (1922). Fact Myanmar's Ruby Gems Mining. Keller, "Gemstones and Their Origins," pp. 3, (July-September), pp. The Ruby Trade of Mandalay, Author unknown, Jewelers' Circular, Vol. The rubies from Myanmar come from two major sources: the legendary Mogôk Valley–located some 400 miles north of Myanmar’s capital Yangon, and Möng Hsu–located in Myanmar’s Shan State, bordering China, Laos, and Thailand. ... Myanmar Imperial Jade Company and Myanmar Ruby Enterprise. 213-227, (1900). Where Rubies are Found, Author unknown, Round the World, Vol. While the government has not allowed for foreign investment into jade and ruby mine, with right investment environment Myanmar has the potential to attract large scale foreign participation in the exploration and extraction of metals, ores and industrial minerals, especially copper, tin, tungsten, nickel and gold. More recent publications can often be found in libraries, including the Richard T. Liddicoat Gemological Library. 19-26, (1977). 45, No. Halford-Watkins  describe the setting of the Mogok gem mines and the operations used to recover rubies. 2, pp. Ruby Mining in Burmah, Author unknown, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. Brown, Mining Magazine, Vol. Most of the ruby mining in Myanmar takes place in the nation’s mountainous Mogok area which has mines with large ruby deposits. 410-423 (the latter reprinted in Littell’s Living Age, Vol.67, No. The author describes traveling from Mandalay to Mogok, and the methods used there to recover gem ruby from alluvial sediment deposits. years,” he said. Mogok is known to the Burmese as “The Ruby Mines,” and is called “The Valley of the Rubies.” It lies north in the Union of Burma about five hundred miles from Rangoon. 11, pp. The geological setting and ruby mining operations around Mogok are summarized. Richard T. Liddicoat Gemological Library and Information Center 18, pp. 2, No. Though the government has not allowed for foreign investment into jade and ruby mine, Myanmar has the potential to attract large scale foreign participation in the exploration and extraction of metals, ores and industrial minerals, especially copper, tin, tungsten, nickel and gold. 50, No. 1, pp. Mogok residents to receive ruby mining licences. 94-100, (2011). However, large-scale alluvial mining is now a thing of the past. 365-368, (1897). Status of Ruby and Sapphire Mining in the Mogok Stone Tract, R.E. A two-part article that describes the ruby mining around Mogok based on a visit by the author. 66, No. A Visit to the Gem Districts of Ceylon and Burma, F.D. Military personnel and their families are also reportedly among the largest licence-holders for mining jade and other 57-70, (1909). However, recent movements by the Myanmar military against the Rohingya ethnic group of Muslims to expel them from the country has turned violent. Mogôk ruby production and trade all but ceased for a time, although large quantities of stones were smuggled out of the country and sold in Thailand. Rubies from Mogok in Myanmar (Burma) have been prized throughout history. 2560, p. 231, (1909). A short description is given of the mining operations around Mogok, and how rubies were bought and sold in the marketplace. The author describes the creation of the British control over ruby and gem mining in Mogok and surrounding areas in 1887. 109, pp. 12 (Geology and Economic Mineralogy), pp. A City Built on Rubies: The Marvelous Mines of Mogok, Author unknown, Appleton's Booklover's Magazine, Vol. A popular account (including photographs) is given of the ruby mining operations in the vicinity of Mogok. The exact date when rubies were first discovered in Mogok is unknown. Strover, Chemical News, Vol. Account of Mr. [John] Crawford’s Mission to Ava, Author unknown, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. Mogok is known to the Burmese as “The Ruby Mines,” and is called “The Valley of the Rubies.” It lies north in the Union of Burma about five hundred miles from Rangoon. 111, pp. 1, pp. 297-318, (1927). 5, pp. Ruby Mines of the Mogok Valley, Burma, Author unknown, Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. These two articles are a summary of an American Consular Report on the ruby mines near Mogok. 20, No. 209-219, (1983). After Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. departed the region, local mining went back to its former small-scale methods. The article presents an account of a visit to the mining operations at Mogok, and includes a number of historical photographs of the area. 521–525. 127, No. 28, No. The Ruby Mines of Burma, G.W. 70, No. A book that presents summaries of the mining operations for various minerals and ores, and includes a chapter on the ruby mines of Burma that describes the history of the area and the mining methods used to locate rubies. 43, No. “The current ruby mining areas are rather exhausted, as we have been digging them for severa! 23, p. 636 (1890). Myanmar is the only source of Jadeite Jade and the only source of Imperial Jadeite in the world. 1-34, (1926), and in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution (for 1926), pp. 99, No. “Ruby and Sapphire,” R.W. 2, No. 10, No. The country accounts for most of global jade and ruby production. From 1889-1925, the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. operated extensive mechanized mining at Mogok, but the company was eventually forced to go into voluntary liquidation because of declining returns and a slumped market in the face of World War I. Artisanal Ruby Mining in Myanmar: Environmental and Social Impacts Sally Dickinson DeLeon, Summer 2007 This report was prepared as part of a master’s thesis on gemstone jewelry supply chains and their relationship to artisanal and small-scale miners. Carlsbad, CA 92008 The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. The Ruby Mines of Mogok, Burma, D.L. The Geology and Gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma, L.A.N. A wide view of a ruby mining operation in the Mogok Valley region. Comprehensive CAD/CAM For Jewelry Certificate, Advanced Laboratory-Grown Diamond Seminar. There are records of mining Burmese rubies that go back over 5 centuries. 4, pp. Higher in value than sapphires or emeralds, and often more valuable than diamonds, the most coveted rubies have traditionally emerged from the ancient Mogok mines in Upper Burma, or Myanmar. Burmese rubies are associated with quality because of their intense color, perfect quantities of silk, and strong fluorescence . Ruby is gem-quality red corundum. 1, pp. Taw Sein Ko, as tol… 3, pp. Myanmar’s mining sector is closely linked to its evolving economy and shifting political landscape. 22, No. A description is given of the Mogok district and the ruby mining operations. The authors of this article give the first detailed geological description of the occurrence of rubies and other minerals in Upper Burma. These include Sagyin, Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik, Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu. Gem Mining in Burma. A summary of a public lecture that provides a description of the topography of the Mogok Stone Tract, the various methods of gem mining used by the local people, and of the ethnic groups that inhabit the area. The author provides general information on the mines near Mogok and the local industry involved with manufacturing rubies as gemstones. Historically, gems have been extracted from alluvial fields, limestone caves, open trenches in hillsides, and tunnels in host rock. Gübelin, Revue de Gemmologie a.f.g., No. 636-653 and No. When the government nationalized the mines in 1969, smuggling became rampant. A brief look at the route gemstones take from mines to market in Burma (Myanmar), starting in the Mountains of Mogok and finishing at the Thai border. A Geographical Classification of the Mineral Deposits of Burma, J.C. Brown, Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. Some of these have a rich red hue … Many of the rubies found at the Montepuez mine have similar qualities to that of the well-known Burmese ruby. City Built on Rubies, W.G. A short discussion of the ruby mining operations around Mogok is presented. Period of the second lease, generally profitable (except 1897–98 and 1903) (Brown, 1927). Ruby Mining in Upper Burma, J. Myanmar is the only source of Jadeite Jade and the only source of Imperial Jadeite in the world. The very best color in Myanmar rubies is sometimes described as “pigeon’s blood.” In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world’s main ruby mining area. Similar reports published by the author in the same year can be found in Murray's Magazine, Vol. A report of a trip to the gem-mining areas of the country is provided by the author. Rubies from Möng Hsu differ in several key respects from Mogôk stones. 16A, pp. The Ruby Mines of Upper Burma: A Short History of their Working, The Gemmologist, Vol. 4, pp. Civitello has visited Myanmar several times to study its gemstone mines, particularly the one in Mogok, the renowned “Valley of Rubies” and source of … 38, No. The Ruby Mines, J.G. The kidnapping on Friday of a local business owner in the ruby-mining town of Mogok was just the latest incident of its kind in a region increasingly wracked by both armed conflict and crime. Stones lighter than this are called pink sapphire. . Mogok or Moegote as it is often called by the locals is a charming city nestled in a green mountain valley 200km/ 5hr drive north of Mandalay. Mogok and other villages in the region have been famous since ancient times for their precious gem stones. 411-426, (1965). 367-373, (1932). 58, No. 1, pp. The Burma Ruby Mines, A. Williams, “The Romance of Mining”, Chap. 2, pp. Myanmar law allows foreign investors to enter joint ventures with … Myanmar's ruby gems mining - in pictures Sub-title: Burrowing deep underground, thousands of informal miners risk their lives to find gleaming red gems as a law change spurs opportunity in Myanmar’s “land of rubies”. After the British annexed Burma in 1886, Mogôk’s mines were operated by a foreign enterprise known as The Burma Ruby Mines Company. Ehrmann, Lapidary Journal, Vol. 746-757, (1962). Streeter, Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Vol. Prices for Burmese rubies skyrocketed as the number of stones for sale was limited to items imported before the act. 9, No. 5, pp. 1, pp. Although the discovery of rubies in the Mogôk Valley is shrouded in myth, experts believe that the area has been mined for at least a millennium. 161-175, (1897). Rubies are also mined in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Long-term residents of Myanmar’s ruby mining centre will be offered licences to mine for the precious stones, according to the Mandalay Region minister for forestry and mining, U Than Soe Myint. 669-678, Littell's Living Age, Vol. Notes on a Visit to the Burma Ruby Mines, R.R. Synthetic Rubies and Ruby Treatments Like emeralds , almost all rubies have some type of imperfection, which helps in identifying synthetics. The articles describes the mining and buying and selling of rubies at Mogok. 4, No. 2, p. 970, (1892). 5, pp. This article presents a detailed description of the geologic setting and ruby mining operations in the Mogok region. Dans la Vallee des Rubis: Les Gisements de Rubis de Mogok en Myanmar [In the Valley of Rubies: The Ruby Deposits of Mogok in Myanmar], E.J. Hlaing, Australian Gemmologist, Vol. Search GIA's library catalog of 57,000 books, 1,800 videos, 700 periodicals, and the renowned Cartier Rare Book Repository and Archive. 87-99, (1990). 187-190, (1873). A similar article was published in two parts in the Lapidary Journal, Vol. Some dealers refer to top quality rubies as “Burmese” regardless of where they were mined, although this practice is frowned upon. The Robert Mouawad Campus It is unclear whether the army left much inside the mountains: in the 1990s, the military seized swathes of hillside land and consolidated the mining industry into the hands of a few well-connected elites. 38, No. RUBY MINING IN BURMA (MYANMAR) : Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. Myanmar reportedly produces more than 80% of the world’s rubies, but thanks to decades of isolation under the former junta and restrictions on access for foreigners to mining areas like Mogok, the trade remains opaque and mired in controversy.   Publication not seen. Field, Canadian Gemmologist, Vol. A historical study of the British conquest of Burma in the late 1880s. MINING METHODS Since the 15th century, the Mogok area of Myanmar has been known as a major source of rubies and other gems (Iyer 1953). 31-34, (1936). A brief description of the ruby and sapphire gem mines near Mo-gat (Mogok) and Kyat-pyan that were five days journey from Ava (near present-day Mandalay). Scott, "Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States," Vol. Im Tal der Rubin - Die Rubin-Lagerstatten von Mogok in Burma [In the Valley of Rubies – The Ruby Mines of Mogok in Burma], E.J. 3, pp. This assemblage Rubies are among the most important exports from Myanmar. In May 2012, after the parliamentary election of Aung San Suu Kyi, the United States lifted numerous economic sanctions against Burma. 358-366, (1905). 1, pp. Photo: EPA. The Ruby Mines of Burma, J. Merriman, The Wide World Magazine, Vol. All other color varieties of gem-quality corundum are referred to as sapphire. Cowan, Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. Historically, gems have been extracted from alluvial fields, limestone caves, open trenches in hillsides, and tunnels in host rock. The authors describe the minerals found in the Mogok gem deposits, including chrysoberyl, sillimanite, nepheline, sodalite, forsterite, lepidolite, muscovite, topaz and cassiterite. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. The author of this book provides a historical account of the Mogok Stone Tract and a detailed description of ruby from Myanmar. 266-275, (1889). It comes under the same umbrella as his parent's company, popular Myanmar … Keller, Gems & Gemology, Vol. Gübelin, Journal of Gemmology, Vol. The following article is reprinted by kind permission of Gems & Gemology, in which the original appeared, Spring 1957 (Volume IX, Number 1). Period of the third lease, generally profitable (except 1909). This report describes a resurgence of mining activity in the Mogok area following several decades of limited gem production. 2353, pp. Cowan, Pacific Monthly, Vol. 359-370, (1827). 5, pp. Fax: +1 760 603 4256, Historical Reading: The Koh-i-noor Diamond, Historical Reading List: Pearls from India and Sri Lanka, Historical Reading List: The California Gold Rush, Historical Reading List: The Ancient Emerald Mines of Egypt. Continuing our regional exploration, we now cross borders to explore Ruby Mines in Thailand. In 1996, after the success of the Mong Hsu Ruby mine, Ruby Dragon expanded into jade mining in Phakant in the Kachin State. Several photographs of the area are shown. Calhoun, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 545-556, (1911). These mines were famous for producing about 90 percent of all pigeon blood rubies. The color comes from traces of chromium. The author reports that 334,535 carats of rubies were exported from the Mogok area to Great Britain in 1907. A description of traveling to Mogok to visit the ruby mines is presented, along with a discussion of distinguishing ruby from synthetic and imitation materials and the difficulties of the mining operations. In Pakistani Kashmir there are vast proven reserves of millions of rubies, worth up to half a billion dollars. 263-272, (1932) and Methods of Ruby Mining in Burma,  The Gemmologist, Vol. A book that contains a brief summary of the ruby mines, which came under British control in the mid-1880s. Meen, Lapidary Journal, Vol. This article reviews the occurrence of gem rubies, as well as the history and mining of rubies around Mogok.

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